What is BGP, where/when are we gonna use it ?

Overview:

A) BGP is the successor of EGP [Exterior Gateway Protocol], and currently its the only
EGP deployed. BGP is an Enhanced Distance Vector Protocol used in routing between
Autonomous Systems [AS] “aka Interdomain Routing”, where an AS is a collection of
networks under single administration.

We use BGP in several occasions as Service Providers networks, Multihomed
customers and large enterprise networks, etc…

BGP Basics:

• Only one BGP process per router.
• There is two types of BGP, IBGP & EBGP, if the as-numbers of the peering routers
  are the same then its IBGP, if they are different then its EBGP.
• BGP uses AS numbers [1-64511] as public and [64512-65535] as private.
• BGP uses TCP as its reliable transport protocol and it runs over TCP port 179.
• The router with the higher router-id establishes the BGP peering session.
• BGP uses Keepalive messages to detect the presence of its neighbor, Keepalive
  interval value is 60 sec, and Holdtime is 180 sec by default [1:3 ratio],
  Holdtime value is exchanged in the Open Message, and you can only modify
  the Holdtime value, BGP peers use the lower Holdtime value configured on
  either of them.
• BGPuses triggered updates, 5 sec interval for IBGP and 30 sec interval for
  EBGP.
• Mandatory well known attributes must exist in each routing update.
• If multiple paths exist for the same network, only one is selected as the best
  route and the remaining routes are stored in the memory, Router propagates
  best routes only to its neighbors.
• If multi path load sharing is enabled, router can select multiple paths to a
  single destination and installs them in the routing table, multiple path load
  sharing in BGP supports up to 16 paths.
• Before a route is installed in the routing table, the router checks if its learned
  from another routing protocol rather than BGP, if it was learned from another
  routing protocol the router compares the Administrative Distance [AD] and
  prefers the lower.
• BGP Split Horizon Rule: When a router receives an update it never sends it
  back to the source which it received from.
• IBGP Split Horizon Rule: Routes learned from an IBGP neighbor is never sent
  to other IBGP neighbors, thus all IBGP routers inside an AS needs full mesh for
  consistent routing decisions.
• AS-Path loop prevention mechanism: When a router receives an update
  containing its own AS number; it silently ignores the update.
• EBGP peers should be reachable for all BGP speaking routers inside an AS,
  this is achieved by either redistributing connected interfaces of the EBGP peers
  into IGP, or run IGP over the EBGP peers interface and make them passive so
  that they don’t exchange IGP information, or finally use the “neighbor ip-
  address next-hop-self” command so that the edge router announces it self as
  the next hop for the IBGP peers.
• BGP sessions can be initiated using loopback interfaces, IGP or Static Routes
  are used for providing reachability between loopbacks, also the update source
  for the BGP session should be modified in order to successfully establish the
  session using the “neighbor ip-address update-source loopback number”
  command. For EBGP sessions to be established successfully using the
  loopback interfaces you will need to use the “neighbor ip-address ebgp-
  multihop value“ command.
• IGP is used inside an AS to provide full reachability required for establishing
  IBGP sessions, fast convergence in case of physical failure in one of the
  multiple paths between IBGP routers, and next hop resolving “aka recursive
  look up” for appropriate packet forwarding.

BGP Path Attributes :

• Mandatory Well Known Attributes:
  • Next-hop:ip address of the router sending the updates, by default it
    changes when a route is advertised to EBGP neighbor but not when its
    advertised to IBGP neighbor.
  • AS-Path:Sequence of ASs path a route has traveled through.
  • Origin: Indicates how BGP learned the route [IGP – EBGP – ?].
• Discretionary Well Known Attributes:
  • Local Preference:used for consistent routing policy inside an AS.
  • Atomic Aggregate: informs a neighbor router that the originating router
    aggregated the routes.
• Transitive Optional Attributes:
  • Aggregator:Specify the ip address and the AS number of the router that
    performed the aggregation.
  • Community: Route tagging mechanism used in filtering or route
    selection process.

• Non-Transitive Optional Attributes:
  • Multi-Exit Discriminator [MED]: Discriminate between multiple exit points within an AS.
  • Cost Community: Used to influence best-path selection for IBGP and
    confederations only.
  • Originator-id: Used as a loop prevention mechanism in case of multiple
    Route Reflectors.

BGP Session Establishment Process :

• Single BGP process is started on the router using “router bgp as-number”
  command.
• Neighbors must be configured manually on both sides using “neighbor ip-
  address remote-as as-number“ command.
• It uses TCP port 179 and the session of the router with the higher Router-id is
  retained.
• The first state of the BGP session is IDLE which indicates that the router is
  currently not attempting any session establishment, for a router to change its
  IDLE state; the configured neighbor ip address should be reachable.
• When peers are correctly configured the state is changes to ACTIVE which
  indicates that the router is actively sending connections attempts to its
  neighbor.
• When the TCP connection attempt succeed, the router sends an Open Message
  containing BGP session information and changes the state to be OpenSent.
  The Open Message contains [BGP version number – AS of local router –
  Holdtime – Router-ID – Optional parameters].
• If the neighbor router accepts the parameters in the Open Message; it replies
  with its own Open Message, the local router receives the Open Message and
  changes the state to OpenConfirm, and it verifies the parameters of the
  neighbor router, if accepted a keepalive message is sent as signal of acceptance
  and then the state is changed to Established.

Route Selection Criteria :

1. Next-hop: If not reachable the route is not installed in the routing table.
2. Weight: Local to the router.
3. Local Preference: Local within an AS.
4. Originated Routes: Routes originated using the network or summary
   commands.
5. AS-Path: Prefers the shortest path.
6. Origin Code: IGP < EGP < ?
7. MED: Prefers the lowest value.
8. EBGP routes over IBGP routes.
9. For IBGP: Prefers path via closest IGP neighbor [Next-Hop with lowest IGP
   metric].
10. For EBGP: Oldest path.
11. Lowest BGP Router-id.

Advertising Networks :

There are three ways to announce networks into BGP :

• Network command, Redistribution and Aggregation.
• when either of the three ways is used the AS-Path will appear empty indicating
  that the route is locally originated, when the route traverses through other
  ASes, the forwarding router prepends its own AS number to the AS-Path.
• Network command operates differently in BGP; indicates which routes will be
  injected in the BGP table not which interface will BGP run over.
• Using a Route-Map with the Network command allows you to alter Weight,
  Local Preference, MED and tagging the route.
• When redistributing routes into BGP, they carry an origin of incomplete “?“. –
  Conditional Route Injection: is injecting a route into BGP with no matching
  route in the routing table, this is achieved by using the “bgp inject-map map-
  name exist-map map-name” command.

Summarization & Aggregation :

• Automatic summarization is enabled by default.
• For a router to install a classful network in the BGP table when Automatic
  summarization is enabled; A classful network statement with a classful mask
  and at least one subnet of this classful network should exist in the routing
  table.
• When Automatic summarization is enabled; all redistributed subnets will be
  summarized to their classful network.
• When summarization is disabled, an exact match must be found in the routing
  table.
• Aggregation is summarization of routes when it is advertised to other
  neighbors, and its configured using “aggregate-address ip-address
  mask”command.
• For an aggregate route to be advertised to other neighbors; a route within the
  range of the aggregate must exist in the BGP table in order to install the
  aggregate in the BGP table.
• By default both the aggregate and the specific routes are advertised to the
  neighbors, to advertise the aggregate only you will have to use the “summary-
  only” keyword with the aggregate command.

Securing BGP Peers :

• MD5 authentication between BGP peers by using the “neighbor ip-address
  password password” command.
• TTL-Security: The router compares the TTL value received with the locally
  configured hop count value, this option is supported for both directly connected
  and multihop EBGP peers. the command for this option is “neighbor ip-
  address ebgp-multihop ttl“; where TTL is a numeric value.

Multihoming :

• Multihoming is a customer being connected to a single ISP with multiple links
  or connected to multiple ISP’s.
• Multihomed customers should run BGP with their ISPs using public AS and
  provider independent address space.
• Multihomed customers should advertise their own address space only to their
  ISPs and do not advertise routes learned from their ISPs do avoid acting as a
  Transit-AS between their ISPs.
• For influencing Upstream ISP selection, Weight and Local Preference can be
  used inside a Multihomed Customer AS.
• For influencing Downstream ISP selection, MED can be used if the customer is
  multihomed to a single ISP as MED doesn’t traverse through ASes, and AS-
  path Prepending can be used if the customer is multihomed to multiple ISPs
  because AS-path attribute traverses through ASes.

AS-Path Filtering :

• Used to announce or accept prefixes based on AS-Path Attribute.
• It uses Regular Expressions.
• Its implemented on per neighbor basis.
• Use “ip as-path access-list number [permit/deny] as-regular-expression” &
  “neighbor ip-address filter-list access-list-number [in/out]” commands.

Prefix-List filtering :

• Used to filter announce and accept specific prefixes.
• It has some advantages over IP Access Lists as: Provide flexibility in editing,
  inserting and deleting individual lines, Matches based on subnetmask, etc…
• Its implemented on per neighbor basis.
• An with no Le/Ge matches exactly the specified prefix.
• An entry with Le/Ge matches any route within the range specified.
• Configuration example :
  • “ip prefix-list name seq number [permit/deny] prefix/length ge value le value” “neighbor ip-address prefix-list name [in/out]” “redistribute-list prefix-list name out routing-process“.

Out Bound Route Filtering [ORF] :

• Its implemented on per neighbor basis.
• Its a BGP feature that allows a router to accept a prefix-list from a neighbor and
  apply it to locally configured ORF neighbor.
• A router can install an inbound prefix-list to a peer as an outbound prefix-list.
• Its used to minimize the number of updates sent between neighbors and reduce
  system resources.
• Configuration example :
  • “neighbor prefix-list name [in/out]” “neighbor capability orf prefix-list
    [send/receive/both]”

ORF message contains :

• Address Family Information [AFI]/ Subsequent AFI
• ORF types
• When to refresh
• List of ORF entries

ORF Types :

• type 1 –> Network Layer Reachability Information [NLRI]
• type 2 –> Communities
• type 3 –> Extended Communities
• type 128 –> Prefix-List

Route-Map Filtering :

• Route-Map matches: prefix-list/access-list/route originator/next-
  hop/origin/AS-path/community/IGP tag/IGP type[internal/external].
• Route-Map can set: origin/next-hop/weight/local preference/MED/community.
• IP Policy List: is grouping of route-map match clauses then attaching to route-
  map.
• Its implemented on per neighbor basis.
• Route Map Continue Cause: its like the match and the set causes of the route-
  map, when a match in the route-map is successful continue clause -if
  configured- jumps to a pre-specified route-map entry, the continue clause takes
  place if a match is successful, if not then it is ignored.
• If the route-map has no match clause, the continue clause takes place
  automatically, if a match is successful the continue clause takes place, if not
  then it is ignored.
• Configuration example:
  • “ip policy-list name [permit/deny]match [as-path/metric/community]
    route-map name permit seq-number match policy-map namematch ip address prefix-list namematch ip next-hop prefix-list namematch ip route-source prefix-list name continue seq-number
    neighbor ip-address route-map name[in/out]”

AS-Path Prepending :

• Used to influence other ASes to select a specific return path towards an AS.
• Used to distribute the load of returning traffic for multihomed customers,
  however in this case you will have to monitor the traffic and prepend AS to path
  as needed to accomplish the traffic load.
• To avoid BGP AS-Path loop prevention mechanism, use only the AS number of
  the sending AS.
• Service Providers use AS-Path filter to allow routes that are originated from
  Customers AS only, if the Customer is going to use AS-Path prepending the
  Service Provider will have to change their filter to allow AS-Path containing
  more than one copy of Customer’s AS number.
• AS-Path prepending is applied using Route-Maps on per neighbor basis.
  ”route-map route-map-name permit 10 set as-path prepend as-no as-no as-no
  neighbor ip-address route-map route-map-name out”.

BGP hide local AS :

• The “neighbor ip-address local-as as-number [no-prepend [replace-as [dual-
  as]]]”
  • no-prepend: does not prepend local AS number to any learned EBGP
    routes.
  • replace-as: replaces the local AS number with the one set int the
    command to the AS-path attribute.
  • dual-as: allows the establishment of EBGP sessions using either the
    real AS number or using the AS number set in the command.

• This usually happens while connecting two different BGP networks with
  different AS numbers to not disturb the established peerings [i.e. when an ISP
  buys another ISP and merging both networks into only one network].
• Its drawback : if you configured the above command with an AS number that
  already exists for one of the IBGP peers, when this IBGP receives the route it
  will detect its own AS number in the AS path and it will ignore this route
  considering it as a routing loop.

Multi-Exit Discriminator [MED] :

• MED is used to discriminate between multiple exit points within an AS.
• MED is used to influence path selection in neighbor AS.
• MED doesn’t traverse outside the receiving AS.
• Default value is Zero and in comparison the lower value the better, to change
  the default value use “default-metric number” command.
• MED can be set in ways:
  • Using a Route-Map
  • Inherited from an IGP by either using the BGP Network command or
    redistributing into BGP.

• MED is compared when different values are received from same AS, if “bgp
  always-compare-med” is used MED from different ASes will be also compared.
• In intra-confederations MED is not compared and to compare it “bgp bestpath
  med confed” should be used.
• BGP sets a missing MED value to infinite value, however Cisco IOS does set it
  to Zero, to change this behavior of Cisco IOS the “bgp bestpath med missing-
  med-worst” command should be used.
• “bgp deterministic-med” allows BGP to compare the MED values after the AS-
  Path attribute directly.

• Its a mean of tagging routes and used in filtering or route selection.
• By default its stripped in outgoing BGP updates, to enable sending
  communities the “neighbor ip-address send-community” should be used in
  per-neighbor basis.
• There is no limitation on the number of communities specified for a route.
• Route-Map is used for setting the community value, it can be applied with
  redistribution, network command, neighbor command and aggregate
  command.
• In Route-Map configuration, the “additive” keyword prepends new Community
  value to the existing Community values, if not used it will override the existing
  Community values. “set community value [value …][additive]”
• The “ip bgp-community new-format” command is recommended when the
  Community value contains AS numbers.
• Community list “ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [value …]”:
• Values in one line must match to be accepted, if no matches the list acts as an
  Access-List and denies the route.
• Keyword “internet” acts as permit any.
• Extended Community list “ip community-list 100-199 permit|deny regexp”
• Matches are based on regular expressions.
• To match any use “.*” value.
• Named Community list “ip community-list standard|expanded name permit|deny value|regexp”.
• Sequenced Extended Community List “ip extcommunity-list 100-199|standard list-name permit|deny regexp” or “ip extcommunity-list 0-99|expanded list-name permit|deny [rt extcom-value][soo extcom-value]”
• Allow automatic sequencing or re-sequencing for BGP Extended Community
  List
• Allow insertion and deletion of lines in the BGP Extended Community List.
• Rt: Specifies the Route Target of Extended Community attribute.
• Soo: Specifies the Site Of Origin Extended Community attribute.

• BGP Cost community “set extcommunity cost [igp] community-id cost-value”
  
  • Its a non-transitive attribute.
  • Its used to influence best-path selection for IBGP and confederations
    only.
  • Default value is 2147483647 and in comparison the lower value the
    better.
  • The keyword “IGP”influences the best-path selection at the POI [point of
    insertion] which follows the IGP metric comparison in BGP route
    selection criteria. In case if the POI step is not valid the cost community
    is silently ignored.

BGP Link Bandwidth :

• Used for load balancing over unequal bandwidth links.
• Enabled by using “bgp dmzlink-bw”.
• Routes learned from a directly connected external neighbor propagates through
  the IBGP network with the bandwidth of the external link.
• The “neighbor ip-address dmzlink-bw” command is used to advertise the
  bandwidth of links used to exit an AS, its configured on the DMZ interface that
  connect single hop EBGP neighbor.

Route Reflectors :

• Route Reflectors are router running BGP that are allowed to break the IBGP
  loop prevention rules and advertise routes that are received from IBGP pears.
• Route Reflectors eliminates the need of full mesh IBGP.
• Route Reflector advertises the best routes only.
• When Route Reflector receives a route update from a Route Reflector Client; it
  sends the route to all other peers.
• When Route Reflector receives a route update from a Non Route Reflector
  Client; it sends the route to all of its Clients and EBGP peers only.
• When a Route Reflector Client receives an IBGP route update; it sends it to
  EBGP neighbors only.
• When a Route Reflector Client receives an EBGP route update; it sends it to all
  of its neighbors.
• In case of redundant Route Reflectors; Route Reflector Clusters is used to
  prevent routing loops, the Route Reflector adds Cluster-id and Originator-id to
  the advertised route updates.
• Originator-id is a non-transitive optional attribute.
• When a Route Reflector receives a route update with its own Cluster-id; it
  silently ignores the route update.
• When a Route Reflector Client receives a route update with Originator-id same
  as its Router-id; it silently ignores the route update.
• When a Route Reflector receives two IBGP route updates; the non reflected
  route update [the one with no Originator-id] is preferred.
• When a Route Reflector receives two IBGP route updates ; the one with the
  shortest Cluster-list is preferred.
  
• Route Reflector configuration:
  • “neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client”
  • “bgp cluster-id cluster-id”

• Confederations splits the AS into smaller ASes to reduce the number of BGP
  sessions needed for full mesh IBGP.
• Confederations eliminates the need of full mesh IBGP, however its needed
  inside each Confederation which can be achieved by setting a Route Reflector
  inside the Confederation.
• When communicating to real EBGP neighbors, internal ASes are hidden and
  only one external AS is announced to all real EBGP neighbors.
• Intra-Confederation EBGP sessions are used between Member-ASes, however
  it is slightly different from the Real EBGP sessions as is behaves like IBGP in
  passing BGP attributes as Local-Preference, MED, Next-Hop.
• Entire Confederation should use same IGP as they all use same Next-Hop ip-
  addresses.
• Intra-Confederation AS-Path appears between parentheses ( ).
• To configure Confederations:
  • Start the BGP process with the Member-AS number.
  • Set the external “Real” AS number.
  • List all Member-ASes of the Confederation on each router with EBGP
    Session.
  • “router bgp member-as” “bgp confederation identifier external-as” “bgp
    confederation peers list-of-member-as”

Peer Groups :

• Used to configure multiple neighbors with similar requirements, also used as a
  BGP performance enhancement tool since the router builds a single update for
  all Peer Group members which reduces the CPU load.
• IBGP & EBGP neighbors cannot be mixed in one Peer Group.
• Peer Group parameters can be overridden by per-neighbor configurations on
  incoming updates only.
• Peer Group configuration: “neighbor group-name peer-group” “neighbor
  group-name bgp-parameters” “neighbor ip-address peer-group group-name”

Route Dampening :

• Used to reduce processing load caused by flapping routes.
• IBGP routes are not dampened.
• When an EBGP route flaps it gets 1000 Penalty Points, when the Penalty
  Points exceeds the Suppress Limit the route is dampened. The Penalty Points
  decay through the use of a decay algorithm, when it drops below the reuse limit
  the route is re-advertised.
• Flapping history of a route forgotten after the Penalty drops below than half of
  the Reuse Limit.
• After enabling Route Dampening; routes in the BGP Table are never removed,
  the route is kept in the BGP Table and marked as history “h”.
• To enable Route Dampening, the “bgp dampening [half-life reuse suppress
  max-suppress-time] [route-map route-map-name] command is used.
  • half-time → time for penalty to decrease to half [default value is 15
    minutes].
  • suppress → limit in which penalty of a route exceeds the route is
    suppressed [default value is 2000].
  • reuse → limit in which penalty of route drops below, the route is
    unsuppressed [default value is 750].
  • max-suppress-time → no route is suppressed longer than this duration
    [default value is 60 minutes & maximum us 255 minutes].
• Useful commands :
  • To clear the statistics of routes flaps “clear ip bgp flap-statistics”.
  • To release Dampened Routes “clear ip bgp dampening”.
  • “show ip bgp dampened-paths”.

“show ip bgp flap-statistics [ regexp regexp | filter-list access-list | ip-address mask [longer-prefix] ]”.